5-Hydroxyferulic acid is an important hydroxycinnamic acid compound and a metabolite in the phenylpropanoid pathway. It acts as a precursor for the biosynthesis of sinapic acid and functions as a non-esterified substrate for COMT.

1a,1b-Dihomo Prostaglandin F2α (1a,1b-dihomo PGF2α), a hypothetical product of adrenic acid in the COX pathway, is predominantly synthesized in the renal medulla, reflecting the selective distribution of adrenic acid in this region.

Sialic acids, commonly present as terminal carbohydrates on glycoconjugates, are essential for a variety of cellular functions including cell adhesion and signal recognition, as well as the formation and progression of tumors. 3-Deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid is a deaminated sialic acid that was first identified at the nonreducing ends of oligosialyl chains in rainbow trout egg glycoprotein.[1] It is thought to be a precursor for the biosynthesis of other members of the sialic acid family.[2] 3-Deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid can be used to analyze nonulosonic acid residues in polysialoglycoproteins.[1]

Dopamine 3-O-sulfate是Dopamine的磺化代谢物，主要存在于血浆中。Dopamine 3-O-sulfate也是帕金森患者L-dopa的代谢终产物。

17-Epiestriol 是雌酮的内源性代谢产物，其形成过程经由 16α-羟基雌酮中间体，随后在 C-17 位酮基发生还原。17-Epiestriol 可与雌激素受体 α 和雌激素受体 β 结合，其相对结合亲和力分别为 29 和 80（以 17β-estradiol 为参照），支持其在雌激素信号转导、代谢过程及受体选择性研究中的相关性。

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

Urate oxidase (Uox) 尿酸氧化酶，即尿酸酶，常用于生化研究。Urate oxidase 是一种过氧化物酶，在大多数哺乳动物中催化尿酸氧化为尿囊素。

Cellulose 可用作药用辅料。药用辅料或药用助剂，是指制药过程中使用的除药物成分以外的其他化学物质。药用辅料一般是指药物制剂中的非活性成分，能提高药物制剂的稳定性、溶解性和加工性。药用辅料还会影响合并用药的吸收、分布、代谢和消除 (ADME) 过程。

Glycerol kinase (GyK) 甘油激酶是一种细菌糖激酶，常用于生化研究。Glycerol kinase 通过将三醇转化为甘油-3-p (G3P) 来催化甘油代谢。Glycerol kinase 对于调节细胞中不依赖通道/促进因子的甘油摄取至关重要。